Chapter 2: Acids, Bases and Salts

Chapter 2: Acids, Bases and Salts Class X Science Focus Areas Acids: Substances which turn blue litmus solution red are called acids. Acids are sour in taste. Bases: Substances which change red litmus solution blue are called bases. They are bitter in taste. Mineral Acids: Acids which are obtained from minerals like sulphates, nitrates, chlorides etc. are called mineral acids. Example: \( H_2SO_4 \) (Sulphuric acid), \( HNO_3 \) (Nitric acid) and \( HCl \) (Hydrochloric acid). Organic Acids: Acids which are obtained from plants and animals are called organic acids. Example: Citric acid, ascorbic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, acetic acid. Hydronium Ions (\( H_3O^+ \)): They are formed by reaction of \( H^+ \) (from acid) and \( H_2O \). It is because \( H^+ \) is unstable. Strong Acids: Acids which dissociate into ions completely are called strong acids. Example: \( H_2SO_4 \), \( HCl \). Weak Acids: Acids which do not dissociate into ions completely are called weak acids. Example: Citric …