Chapter 12

Class 10 Mathematics - Chapter 12: Surface Areas and Volumes
Chapter 12: Surface Areas and Volumes
1. Essential Standard Formulae Reference
Standard 3D solid mensuration formulae for basic shapes:
Solid Curved/Lateral Area (CSA) Total Surface Area (TSA) Volume ($V$)
Cuboid $2h(l + b)$ $2(lb + bh + hl)$ $l \times b \times h$
Cube $4a^2$ $6a^2$ $a^3$
Cylinder $2\pi rh$ $2\pi r(r + h)$ $\pi r^2 h$
Cone $\pi r l \quad (l = \sqrt{r^2 + h^2})$ $\pi r(l + r)$ $\frac{1}{3}\pi r^2 h$
Sphere $4\pi r^2$ $4\pi r^2$ $\frac{4}{3}\pi r^3$
Hemisphere $2\pi r^2$ $3\pi r^2$ $\frac{2}{3}\pi r^3$
2. Surface Area of a Combination of Solids
Key Concept: When two or more 3D solids are joined together, the total surface area of the combined solid is the sum of the visible curved or outer surface areas of the individual constituent solids. Do not simply add the total surface areas of individual shapes, as overlapping faces are covered.
Hemisphere Top Cylinder Base r
Example 2.1: Surface Area of a Toy (Cone on Hemisphere)

A toy is in the form of a cone of radius $3.5\text{ cm}$ mounted on a hemisphere of same radius. The total height of the toy is $15.5\text{ cm}$. Find the total surface area of the toy.

Solution:
Given:
Radius of hemisphere and cone ($r$) = $3.5\text{ cm} = \frac{7}{2}\text{ cm}$.
Height of hemispherical part = $r = 3.5\text{ cm}$.
Height of conical part ($h$) = $15.5 - 3.5 = 12\text{ cm}$.

Slant height of cone ($l$): $$l = \sqrt{r^2 + h^2}$$ $$l = \sqrt{(3.5)^2 + 12^2}$$ $$l = \sqrt{12.25 + 144} = \sqrt{156.25} = 12.5\text{ cm}$$
Total Surface Area of Toy = $\text{CSA of Cone} + \text{CSA of Hemisphere}$ $$\text{TSA} = \pi r l + 2\pi r^2 = \pi r(l + 2r)$$ $$\text{TSA} = \frac{22}{7} \times \frac{7}{2} \times \left(12.5 + 2(3.5)\right)$$ $$\text{TSA} = 11 \times (12.5 + 7)$$ $$\text{TSA} = 11 \times 19.5 = 214.5\text{ cm}^2$$ The total surface area of the toy is $214.5\text{ cm}^2$.

3. Volume of a Combination of Solids
Principle: The volume of a solid formed by combining basic solids is simply the sum of the individual volumes of the constituent solids: $$\text{Total Volume} = V_1 + V_2 + \dots + V_n$$
Example 3.1: Volume of a Solid (Cone + Hemisphere)

A solid is in the shape of a cone standing on a hemisphere with both their radii being equal to $1\text{ cm}$ and the height of the cone is equal to its radius. Find the volume of the solid in terms of $\pi$.

Solution:
Given:
Radius ($r$) = $1\text{ cm}$
Height of cone ($h$) = $1\text{ cm}$

Volume of the solid = $\text{Volume of Cone} + \text{Volume of Hemisphere}$ $$V = \frac{1}{3}\pi r^2 h + \frac{2}{3}\pi r^3$$ $$V = \frac{1}{3}\pi (1)^2(1) + \frac{2}{3}\pi (1)^3$$ $$V = \frac{\pi}{3} + \frac{2\pi}{3}$$ $$V = \frac{3\pi}{3} = \pi\text{ cm}^3$$ The volume of the solid is $\pi\text{ cm}^3$.