What is the Indus Waters Treaty? | India-Pakistan Water Dispute
Following the recent terrorist attack on tourists in Pahalgam, Jammu & Kashmir, the Government of India temporarily suspended the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) on April 23, 2025.
Introduction to the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT)
The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) is a water-sharing agreement signed between India and Pakistan on September 19, 1960, under the mediation of the World Bank. The treaty defines the rights and obligations of both countries concerning the use of waters from the Indus River system.
The Indus River System
The Indus River system includes the main Indus River and its five major tributaries: Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Jhelum, and Chenab. These rivers originate in India and flow into Pakistan, making them vital for both countries.
Key Provisions of the Treaty
- The treaty sets up a framework for cooperation and information sharing between India and Pakistan regarding the use of river waters.
- It divides the six rivers of the Indus system into two categories:
- Western Rivers: Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab – allocated for unrestricted use by Pakistan.
- Eastern Rivers: Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej – allocated for unrestricted use by India, except for certain non-consumptive uses in Pakistan.
- India is allowed limited uses of western rivers for domestic, agricultural, and non-consumptive purposes such as hydroelectric power generation.
Water Sharing Ratio
As per the treaty, approximately 80% of the Indus River system's water was allocated to Pakistan, while only about 20% was left for India.
Recent Developments (April 2025)
After the terrorist attack in Jammu & Kashmir's Pahalgam, the Indian government decided to temporarily suspend the implementation of the Indus Waters Treaty. This move is seen as a strong diplomatic signal to Pakistan, considering the strategic importance of the river waters for both nations.
Conclusion
The Indus Waters Treaty has been considered one of the most successful water-sharing agreements in the world, withstanding several wars and hostilities between India and Pakistan. However, recent developments have once again brought this treaty into the limelight, raising questions about its future amid growing tensions.